SS-31

SS-31 (D-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2), also known as Elamipretide, is a cell-permeable, mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide that has become a critical research tool in the study of mitochondrial bioenergetics and organelle membrane dynamics. The alternating aromatic-cationic motif of SS-31 enables it to selectively concentrate within the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it interacts with cardiolipin — a phospholipid uniquely enriched in this compartment and essential for the structural organization and function of electron transport chain complexes and ATP synthase.